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- At Significantly Higher Risk
- • This cancer is more common in women over 40.
- • Primary association with a history of chronic anal irritation—genital warts (condyloma), abscesses, fistulas,
- fissures , scars and infections such as chlamydia, trichomonas, genital herpes, gonorrhea and radiation
- dermatitis.
- • Associated with venereal warts and the presence of the papilloma virus .
- • Anal margin cancer (cancer encircling the anus) is more common in men.
- • Increased incidence in cigarette smokers.
- • Increased risk in homosexuals, probably related to anal intercourse and infections with a retrovirus such as
- HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and HPV (human papilloma viruses).
- • Persons with symptomatic HIV disease, lower CD4 (T4) blood counts.
- • There is an increased incidence of anal cancer with cervical, vaginal and vulvar high-grade intraepithelial
- neoplasia (grade 3).
- • Anal cancer may occur along with benign anal disease. It is more common in those with hemorrhoids, anal
- degenerative skin changes and white plaque (leukoplakia) on the mucous membranes.
